SAKA BHAYANGKARA

BAB I Pengertian

 a. Satuan Karya Pramuka, disingkat SAKA, adalah wadah pendidikan guna menyalurkan minat, mengembangkan bakat dan pengalaman para Pramuka dalam berbagai ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. b. Bhayangkara, berasal dari bahasa sansekerta, yang mengandung arti penjaga, pengawal, dan pelindung keselamatannegara dan bangsa. c. Saka Bhayangkara, adalah wadah pendidikan guna menyalurkan minat dan mengembangkan bakat serta pengalaman para Pramuka Penegak dan Pandega dalam berbagai ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dibidang keBhayangkaraan sehingga mereka menjadi anggota masyarakat yang baik, peduli terhadap keamanan, ketertiban masyarakat di lingkungan baik local, nasional maupun internasional. d. Pimpinan Saka Bhayangkara, adalah bagian dari kelengkapan kwartir ditingkatnya yang bertugas membantu kwartir dalam menentukan kebijaksanaan mengenai pemikiran, perencanaan dan petunjuk tekhnis mengenai kagiatan Saka Bhayangkara. e. Majelis Pembimbing Saka Bhayangkara, disingkat Mabi Saka Bhayangkara adalah suatu badan dari gerakan Pramuka ditingkatnya berkewajiban memberikan bimbingan dan bantuan yang bersifat moral organisatoris, materiil dan finansial kepada Saka Bhayangkara di tingkatnya. f. Pamong Saka Bhayangkara, adalah anggota dewasa gerakan Pramuka yang bertanggung jawab atas pembinaan dan pengembangan Saka Bhayangkara yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya. g. Instruktur Saka Bhayangkara, adalah anggota dewasa gerakan Pramuka atau seseorang yang bukan anggota gerakan Pramuka, karena kemampuan dan keahliannyauntuk membantu pamong Saka Bhayangkara dalam melaksanakan pembinaan dan pengembangan Saka Bhayangkara yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya. h. Dewan Saka Bhayangkara, adalah badan yang dibentuk oleh anggota Saka Bhayangkara ditingkatnya yang beranggotakan dari anggota krida Saka Bhayangkara yang bertugas memimpin pelaksanaan kegiatan Saka Bhayangkara sehari-hari. i. Krida, adalah satuan kecil yang merupakan bagian kecil dari Saka Bhayangkarasebagai wadah kegiatan keterampilan tertentu, yang merupakan bagian dari kegiatan Saka Bhayangkara yang beranggotakan maksimal 10 (sepuluh) orang. j. KeBhayangkaraan, adalah kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan keamanan negaradalam rangka menjamin tetap tegaknya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD Negara Republik Indonesian Tahun 1945. k. Keamanan dan Ketertiban Masyarakat, disingkat KAMTIBMAS adalah keperluan hakiki masyarakat yang mendambakan suasana aman dan tertib dalam tata kehidupannya. Keamanan akan senantiasa berkaitan dengan perasaan masyarakat yang mendambakan : * Perasaan bebas dari ganguan fisik dan psikis (security) * Adanya rasa kepastian dan bebas dari kekhawatiran, keraguan dan ketakutan (surity) * Perasaan ilindungi dari segala macam bahaya (safety) * Perasaan damai dan tentram lahir batin (peace) Bentuk dan Macam Kegiatan a. Latihan Saka Bhayangkara secara berkala yang dilaksanakan di luar latihan gugus depan. Latihan berkala ini diadakan ditingkat ranting/cabang dilaksanakan oleh dewan Saka Bhayngkara yang didampingi oleh Pamong Saka dan Instruktur Saka. b. Kegiatan berkala yang dilaksanakan dalam menghadapi kejadian-kejadian penting tertentu, misalnya Hari Besar Nasional, Hari Pramuka, Hari Bhayangkara dan lain sebagainya. Diadakan setingkat Ranting, Cabang, Daerah disesuaikan dengan kepentingannya. Lomba dalam rangka HUT Bhayangkara hasil seleksi tiap daerah atau Polda satu orang Pramuka Saka Bhayangkara Putri dan satu orang Saka Bhayangkara Putra dipersiapkan untuk mengikuti lomba Saka Bhayangkara tingkat nasional yang diselenggarakan oleh Panitia HUT Bhayangkara Tingkat Mabes Polri. c. Perkemahan Bakti Saka Bhayangkara disingkat Pertikara disebut juga dengan PERSABRAHA (Perkemahan Saka Bhayngkara), yaitu perkemahan yang diikuti oleh anggota Saka Bhayangkara dan diisi oleh kegiatan-kegiatan lainnyadalam rangka ikut serta bertanggung jawab memelihara, membina, menciptakan dan mengembangkan suasana aman dan tertib dikalangan masyarakat sesuai dengan bekal pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang ada pada dirinya, misalnya kegiatan penanganan masalah pencurian, kecelakaan lalu lintas, bencana alam, Siskamling dan lain sebagainya dengan melibatkan masyarakat setempat khususnya kaum muda. Kegiatan Pertikara diadakan ditingkat Ranting, Cabang, Daerah dan Nasionaldilaksanakan sekurang-kurangnya sekali masa Bhakti Kwartir yang bersangkutan. d. Lomba Saka Bhayangkara yang disingkat dengan LOKABRAHA yaitu kegitan lomba yang diikuti oleh para anggota Saka Bhayangkara dalam rangka memperagakan kemampuan pengetahuan keterampilan dan kecakapan anggota. Lokabraha diadakan ditingkat Ranting, Cabng, Daerah dan Nasional dilaksanakan dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut : * Tingkat ranting sekali dalam tiga bulan * Tingkat cabang sekali dalam enam bulan * Tingkat daerah sekali dalam satu tahun * Tingkat nasinal sekali dalam satu tahun e. Perkemahan antar Saka yang disingkat dengan PERAN SAKA yaitu perkemahan yang pesertanya lebih dari satu macam Saka, misalnya Saka Bhayangkara bersama Saka Dirgantara dan Saka Bhakti Husada, sedapat mungkin diikuti oleh semua Saka yang ada pada wilayah yang bersangkutan. PERAN SAKA diadakan Tingkat Ranting, Cabang dan Daerah sekurang-kurangnya sekali dalam masa bhakti Kwartir Gerakan Pramuka yang bersangkutan.

DOPING IN SPORT

The use of banned performance-enhancing drugs in sport(s) is commonly referred to as doping,^{[Note 1]} particularly by those organizations that regulate competitions. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical by most international sports organizations and especially the International Olympic Committee, although ethicists have argued that it is little different from the use of new materials in the construction of suits and sporting equipment, which similarly aid performance and can give competitors an unfair advantage over others. The reasons for the ban are mainly the alleged health risks of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and the alleged exemplary effect of "clean" ("doping-free") sports for the public.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Strychnine at the Olympics 2 The Convicts of the Road 3 Benzedrine 4 Anabolic steroids 4.1 1988 Seoul Olympics 4.2 East Germany 4.3 Modern times 5 Use of Performance-enhancing drugs in football (soccer) 6 Lance Armstrong Doping Case 7 Endurance sports 8 Non-endurance sports 8.1 Side effects in men 8.2 Side effects in women 9 Reaction from sports organizations 10 Anti-Doping organizations and legislation 10.1 WADA 11 Anti-Doping Convention of the Council of Europe 12 Drug testing 12.1 Statistical validity 12.2 Test methods 12.3 Re-testing of samples 12.4 Cheating the tests 13 Defense 14 Legal 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links

History

Ancient texts suggest that humans have always tried to work harder or at least suffer less as they were doing so. When the fittest of a nation were selected as athletes or combatants, they were fed diets and given treatments considered beneficial. For instance, Scandinavian mythology says Berserkers could drink a mixture called "butotens", perhaps prepared from the Amanita muscaria mushroom, to increase their physical power a dozen times at the risk of insanity.^{[Note 2]} In more recent times, the German missionary and doctor Albert Schweitzer wrote of Gabon in the early 19th century: "The people of the country can, having eaten certain leaves or roots, toil [pagayer] vigorously all day without feeling hungry, thirsty or tired and all the time showing a happiness and gaiety."^[1]
A participant in an endurance walking race in Britain, Abraham Wood, said in 1807 that he had used laudanum, or opium, to keep him awake for 24 hours while competing against Robert Barclay Allardyce.^[2] By April 1877, walking races had stretched to 500 miles and the following year, also at the Agricultural Hall in Islington, London, to 520 miles. The Illustrated London News chided:

It may be an advantage to know that a man can travel 520 miles in 138 hours, and manage to live through a week with an infinitesimal amount of rest, though we fail to perceive that anyone could possibly be placed in a position where his ability in this respect would be of any use to him [and] what is to be gained by a constant repetition of the fact.^[3]

The event proved popular, however, with 20,000 spectators attending each day.^[4] Encouraged by this, promoters developed the idea and soon held similar races for cyclists.

"...and much more likely to endure their miseries publicly; a tired walker, after all, merely sits down - a tired cyclist falls off and possibly brings others crashing down as well. That's much more fun".^[4]

The fascination with six-day bicycle races spread across the Atlantic and the same appeal to base instincts brought in the crowds in America as well. And the more spectators paid at the gate, the higher the prizes could be and the greater was the incentive of riders to stay awake—or be kept awake—to ride the greatest distance. Their exhaustion was countered by soigneurs (the French word for "carers"), helpers akin to seconds in boxing. Among the treatments they supplied was nitroglycerine, a drug used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks and which was credited with improving riders' breathing.^[5] Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion Major Taylor refused to continue the New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand."^[6]
Public reaction turned against such trials, whether individual races or in teams of two. One report chided:

An athletic contest in which the participants 'go queer' in their heads, and strain their powers until their faces become hideous with the tortures that rack them, is not sport, it is brutality. It appears from the reports of this singular performance that some of the bicycle riders have actually become temporarily insane during the contest... Days and weeks of recuperation will be needed to put the racers in condition, and it is likely that some of them will never recover from the strain.^[7]

The father of anabolic steroids in the United States was John Ziegler (1917–1983), a physician for the U.S. weightlifting team in the mid-twentieth century. Ziegler learned from his Russian days that the Soviet weightlifting team's success was due to their use of performance-enhancing drugs. Deciding that U.S. athletes needed chemical assistance to remain competitive, Ziegler worked with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company to develop an oral anabolic steroid. This resulted in the creation of methandrostenolone, which appeared on the market in 1960. During the Olympics that year, the Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen collapsed and died while competing in the 100-kilometer (62-mile) race. An autopsy later revealed the presence of amphetamines and a drug called nicotinyl tartrate in his system.
The American specialist in doping, Max M. Novich, wrote: "Trainers of the old school who supplied treatments which had cocaine as their base declared with assurance that a rider tired by a six-day race would get his second breath after absorbing these mixtures." ^[8] John Hoberman, a professor at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, said six-day races were "de facto experiments investigating the physiology of stress as well as the substances that might alleviate exhaustion." ^[9]

Strychnine at the Olympics

These "de facto experiments investigating the physiology of stress as well as the substances that might alleviate exhaustion" were not unknown outside cycling.

Hicks and supporters at the 1904 Summer Olympics

Thomas Hicks, an American born in England on January 7, 1875, won the Olympic marathon in 1904. He crossed the line behind a fellow American, Fred Lorz, whose concept of marathon-running extended to riding half the way in a car thereby disqualifying him. However, Hicks was also aided by outside help. His trainer, Charles Lucas, pulled out a hypodermic and came to his aid as his runner began to struggle.

I therefore decided to inject him with a milligram of sulphate of strychnine and to make him drink a large glass brimming with brandy. He set off again as best he could [but] he needed another injection four miles from the end to give him a semblance of speed and to get him to the finish.^[10]

The use of strychnine, far from being banned, was thought necessary to survive demanding races, says the sports historian Alain Lunzenfichter.^[11] The historian of sports doping, Dr Jean-Pierre de Mondenard, said:

It has to be appreciated that at the time the menace of doping for the health of athletes or of the purity of competition had yet to enter the morals because, after this marathon, the official race report said: The marathon has shown from a medical point of view how drugs can be very useful to athletes in long-distance races.^[2]

Hicks was, in the phrase of the time, "between life and death" but recovered, collected his gold medal a few days later, and lived for almost 60 more years, although he never again took part in athletics.^[12]

The Convicts of the Road

In 1924 the journalist Albert Londres followed the Tour de France for the French newspaper, Le Petit Parisien. At Coutances he heard that the previous year's winner, Henri Pélissier, his brother Francis and a third rider, Maurice Ville, had resigned from the competition after an argument with the organiser, Henri Desgrange. Henri explained the problem—whether or not he had the right to take off a jersey—and went on to talk of drugs, reported in Londres' race diary, in which he invented the phrase Les Forçats de la Route (The Convicts of the Road):

"You have no idea what the Tour de France is," Henri said. "It's a Calvary. Worse than that, because the road to the Cross has only 14 stations and ours has 15. We suffer from the start to the end. You want to know how we keep going? Here..." He pulled a phial from his bag. "That's cocaine, for our eyes. This is chloroform, for our gums."

"This," Ville said, emptying his shoulder bag "is liniment to put warmth back into our knees."

"And pills. Do you want to see pills? Have a look, here are the pills." Each pulled out three boxes.

"The truth is," Francis said, "that we keep going on dynamite."

Henri spoke of being as white as shrouds once the dirt of the day had been washed off, then of their bodies being drained by diarrhea, before continuing:

"At night, in our rooms, we can't sleep. We twitch and dance and jig about as though we were doing St Vitus's Dance..."

"There's less flesh on our bodies than on a skeleton," Francis said.^[13]

Francis Pélissier said much later: "Londres was a famous reporter but he didn't know about cycling. We kidded him a bit with our cocaine and our pills. Even so, the Tour de France in 1924 was no picnic."^[2][14]
The acceptance of drug-taking in the Tour de France was so complete by 1930, when the race changed to national teams that were to be paid for by the organisers, that the rule book distributed to riders by the organiser, Henri Desgrange, reminded them that drugs were not among items with which they would be provided.^[15]
The use of Pot Belge by road cyclists in continental Europe exemplifies a cross-over between recreational and performance-enhancing abuse of drugs by sportsman.

Benzedrine

Benzedrine is a trade name for amphetamine. The Council of Europe says it first appeared in sport at the Berlin Olympics in 1936.^[16] It was produced in 1887 and the derivative, Benzedrine, was isolated in the U.S. in 1934 by Gordon Alles. Its perceived effects gave it the street name "speed". British troops used 72 million amphetamine tablets in the Second World War^[2] and the RAF got through so many that "Methedrine won the Battle of Britain" according to one report.^[17] The problem was that amphetamine leads to a lack of judgement and a willingness to take risks, which in sport could lead to better performances but in fighters and bombers led to more crash landings than the RAF could tolerate. The drug was withdrawn but large stocks remained on the black market. Amphetamine was also used legally as an aid to slimming and also as a thymoleptic before being phased out by the appearance of newer agents in the 1950s.
Everton have long been one of the top clubs in the English association football league. The club were champions of the 1962–63 season. And it was done, according to a national newspaper investigation, with the help of Benzedrine. Word spread after Everton's win that the drug had been involved. The newspaper investigated, cited where the reporter believed it had come from, and quoted the goalkeeper, Albert Dunlop, as saying:

I cannot remember how they first came to be offered to us. But they were distributed in the dressing rooms. We didn't have to take them but most of the players did. The tablets were mostly white but once or twice they were yellow. They were used through the 1961–62 season and the championship season which followed it. Drug-taking had previously been virtually unnamed in the club. But once it had started we could have as many tablets as we liked. On match days they were handed out to most players as a matter of course. Soon some of the players could not do without the drugs.^[18]

The club agreed that drugs had been used but that they "could not possibly have had any harmful effect." Dunlop, however, said he had become an addict.^[18]
Benzedrine and its sister drugs were irresistible in other sports. In November 1942, the Italian cyclist Fausto Coppi took "seven packets of amphetamine" to beat the world hour record on the track.^[19] In 1960, the Danish rider Knud Enemark Jensen collapsed during the 100 km team time trial at the Olympic Games in Rome and died later in hospital. The autopsy showed he had taken amphetamine and another drug, Ronicol, which dilates the blood vessels. The chairman of the Dutch cycling federation, Piet van Dijk, said of Rome that "dope - whole cartloads - [were] used in such royal quantities." ^[20]
The British professional Jock Andrews used to joke: "You need never go off-course chasing the peloton in a big race - just follow the trail of empty syringes and dope wrappers." ^[21]
The Dutch cycling team manager Kees Pellenaars told of a rider in his care:

I took him along to a training camp in Spain. The boy changed then into a sort of lion. He raced around as though he was powered by rockets. I went to talk to him. He was really happy he was riding well and he told me to look out for him. I asked if he wasn't perhaps "using something" and he jumped straight up, climbed on a chair and from deep inside a cupboard he pulled out a plastic bag full of pills. I felt my heart skip a beat. I had never seen so many fireworks together. With a soigneur we counted the pills: there were 5,000 of them, excluding hormone preparations and sleeping pills. I took them away, to his own relief. I let him keep the hormones and the sleeping pills.

Later he seemed to have taken too many at once and he slept for a couple of days on end. We couldn't wake him up. We took him to hospital and they pumped out his stomach. They tied him to his bed to prevent anything going wrong again. But one way or another he had some stimulant and fancied taking a walk. A nurse came across him in the corridor, walking along with the bed strapped to his back.^[22]

Anabolic steroids

Main articles: Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids and Anabolic steroid

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were first isolated, identified and synthesized in the 1930s, and are now used therapeutically in medicine to induce bone growth, stimulate appetite, induce male puberty, and treat chronic wasting conditions, such as cancer and AIDS. Anabolic steroids also increase muscle mass and physical strength, and are therefore used in sports and bodybuilding to enhance strength or physique. Known side effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels (increased Low density lipoprotein and decreased High density lipoprotein), acne, high blood pressure, liver damage. Some of these effects can be mitigated by taking supplemental drugs.^[23]
AAS use in sports began in October 1954 when John Ziegler, a doctor who treated American athletes, went to Vienna with the American weightlifting team. There he met a Russian physician who, over "a few drinks", repeatedly asked "What are you giving your boys?" When Ziegler returned the question, the Russian said that his own athletes were being given testosterone.
Returning to America, Ziegler tried low doses of testosterone on himself, on the American trainer Bob Hoffman and on two lifters, Jim Park and Yaz Kuzahara. All gained more weight and strength than any training programme would produce but there were side-effects.^[24] Ziegler sought a drug without after-effects and hit on an anabolic steroid, methandrostenolone, (Dianabol, DBOL), made in the US in 1958 by Ciba.^[25][26]
The results were impressive—so impressive that lifters began taking ever more. Steroids spread to other sports where bulk mattered. Paul Lowe, a former running back with the San Diego Chargers American football team, told a California legislative committee on drug abuse in 1970: "We had to take them [steroids] at lunchtime. He [an official] would put them on a little saucer and prescribed them for us to take them and if not he would suggest there might be a fine."
Olympic statistics show the weight of shot putters increased 14 percent between 1956 and 1972, whereas steeplechasers weight increased 7.6 per cent. The gold medallist pentathlete Mary Peters said: "A medical research team in the United States attempted to set up extensive research into the effects of steroids on weightlifters and throwers, only to discover that there were so few who weren't taking them that they couldn't establish any worthwhile comparisons."^[27]
In 1984, Jay Silvester, a former four-time Olympian and 1972 silver medalist in the discus, who was then with the physical education department of Brigham Young University in the U.S., questioned competitors at that year's Olympics. The range of steroid use he found ranged from 10 mg a day to 100 mg.

Responses to questionnaire^{[citation needed]}

Question	Yes	No	Other
Have you taken anabolic steroids within the past six months?	61%	39%	0%
Have you ever taken anabolic steroids?	68	32	0
Ethically, do you approve of anabolic steroids in athletics?	50	27	23
If a test could positively identify steroid users, would you favour banishment of the drug in sport?	48	35	17
Are you aware of any specific reason why athletes who have not attained full maturity should avoid anabolic steroid usage?	42	48	10
If you were a coach, would you commend anabolic steroid usage to (mature) athletes in your event?	45	35	20
Do you feel anabolic steroids have positively affected the performance of athletes in your event?	65	16	19
Do you feel that steroids have negatively affected the performance of athletes in your event?	6	61	33
Do you feel that steroids enable a person to gain strength faster than otherwise possible?	84	3	13
Do you believe that steroids enable a person to gain cardio-respiratory endurance more quickly than otherwise possible?	13	42	45
Do you believe that steroids enable a person to gain greater cardio-respiratory endurance than otherwise possible?	6	45	49
Have you ever gained localised muscular endurance faster when taking anabolic steroids?	48	42	10
Have you gained greater local muscular endurance faster when taking anabolic steroids?	32	22	46
Do steroids enhance mental attitude? Do you feel more in control of your life? Do you feel you will perform better in your event?	68	10	22
Has steroid usage appeared to contribute to injury problems?	26	32	42
Are you aware of the undesirable side-effects?	74	19	7
Do steroids increase body weight?	55	16	29
Are steroids difficult to obtain?	22	61	17

Several successful athletes and professional bodybuilders have admitted long-term methandrostenolone use before the drug was banned, including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sergio Oliva.^{[28][dead link][29]} Dianabol is no longer produced but similar drugs are made elsewhere.
The use of anabolic steroids is now banned by all major sporting bodies, including the ATP, WTA, ITF, International Olympic Committee, FIFA, UEFA, all major professional golf tours, the National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the European Athletic Association, WWE, the NFL and the UCI. However, drug testing can be wildly inconsistent and, in some instances, has gone unenforced.

1988 Seoul Olympics

A famous case of illicit AAS use in a competition was Canadian Ben Johnson's victory in the 100 m at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He subsequently failed the drug test when stanozolol was found in his urine. He later admitted to using the steroid as well as Dianabol, testosterone, Furazabol, and human growth hormone amongst other things. Johnson was therefore stripped of his gold medal as well as recognition of what had been a world-record performance. Carl Lewis was then promoted one place to take the Olympic gold title. Lewis had also run under the current world record time and was therefore recognized as the new record holder. In 2003, however, Dr. Wade Exum, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) director of drug control administration from 1991 to 2000, gave copies of documents to Sports Illustrated which revealed that some 100 American athletes who failed drug tests and should have been prevented from competing in the Olympics were nevertheless cleared to compete. Among those athletes was Carl Lewis. Lewis then broke his silence on allegations that he was the beneficiary of a drugs cover-up, admitting he had tested positive for banned substances but claiming he was just one of "hundreds" of American athletes who were allowed to escape bans, concealed by the USOC. Lewis has now acknowledged that he failed three tests during the 1988 US Olympic trials, which under international rules at the time should have prevented him from competing in the Seoul games two months later.^[30]
Former athletes and officials came out against the USOC cover-up. "For so many years I lived it. I knew this was going on, but there's absolutely nothing you can do as an athlete. You have to believe governing bodies are doing what they are supposed to do. And it is obvious they did not," said former American sprinter and 1984 Olympic champion, Evelyn Ashford.^[31]

East Germany

Main article: Doping in East Germany

In 1977, one of East Germany's best sprinters, Renate Neufeld, fled to the West with the Bulgarian she later married. A year later she said that she had been told to take drugs supplied by coaches while training to represent East Germany in the 1980 Olympic Games.

At 17, I joined the East Berlin Sports Institute. My speciality was the 80m hurdles. We swore that we would never speak to anyone about our training methods, including our parents. The training was very hard. We were all watched. We signed a register each time we left for dormitory and we had to say where we were going and what time we would return. One day, my trainer, Günter Clam, advised me to take pills to improve my performance: I was running 200m in 24 seconds. My trainer told me the pills were vitamins, but I soon had cramp in my legs, my voice became gruff and sometimes I couldn't talk any more. Then I started to grow a moustache and my periods stopped. I then refused to take these pills. One morning in October 1977, the secret police took me at 7am and questioned me about my refusal to take pills prescribed by the trainer. I then decided to flee, with my fiancé.^[32][33]

She brought with her to the West grey tablets and green powder she said had been given to her, to members of her club, and to other athletes. The West German doping analyst Manfred Donike reportedly identified them as anabolic steroids. She said she stayed quiet for a year for the sake of her family. But when her father then lost his job and her sister was expelled from her handball club, she decided to tell her story.^[32]

Ilona Slupianek in 1981

East Germany closed itself to the sporting world in May 1965.^[2] In 1977 the shot-putter Ilona Slupianek, who weighed 93 kg, tested positive for anabolic steroids at the European Cup meeting in Helsinki and thereafter athletes were tested before they left the country. At the same time, the Kreischa testing laboratory near Dresden passed into government control, which was reputed to make around 12,000 tests a year on East German athletes but without any being penalised.^[2]
The International Amateur Athletics Federation suspended Slupianek for 12 months, a penalty that ended two days before the European championships in Prague. In the reverse of what the IAAF hoped, sending her home to East Germany meant she was free to train unchecked with anabolic steroids, if she wanted to, and then compete for another gold medal, which she won.
After that, almost nothing emerged from the East German sports schools and laboratories. A rare exception was the visit by the sports writer and former athlete, Doug Gilbert of the Edmonton Sun, who said:

Dr (Heinz) Wuschech knows more about anabolic steroids than any doctor I have ever met, and yet he cannot discuss them openly any more than Geoff Capes or Mac Wilkins can openly discuss them in the current climate of amateur sports regulation. What I did learn in East Germany was that they feel there is little danger from anabolica, as they call it, when the athletes are kept on strictly monitored programmes. Although the extremely dangerous side-effects are admitted, they are statistically no more likely to occur than side-effects from the birth control pill. If, that is, programmes are constantly medically monitored as to dosage.^[34]

Other reports came from the occasional athlete who fled to the West. There were 15 between 1976 and 1979. One, the ski-jumper Hans Georg Aschenbach, said: "Long-distance skiers start having injections to their knees from the age 14 because of their intensive training."^[2] He said: "For every Olympic champion, there at least 350 invalids. There are gymnasts among the girls who have to wear corsets from the age of 18 because their spine and their ligaments have become so worn... There are young people so worn out by the intensive training that they come out of it mentally blank [lessivés - washed out], which is even more painful than a deformed spine."^[35]
After German reunification, on 26 August 1993 the records were opened and the evidence was there that the Stasi, the state secret police, supervised systematic doping of East German athletes from 1971 until reunification in 1990. Doping existed in other countries, says the expert Jean-Pierre de Mondenard, both communist and capitalist, but the difference with East Germany was that it was a state policy.^[36]
The Sportvereinigung Dynamo (English:Dynamo Sports Club)^[37] was especially singled out as a center for doping in the former East Germany.^[38] Many former club officials and some athletes found themselves charged after the dissolution of the country. A special page on the internet was created by doping victims trying to gain justice and compensation, listing people involved in doping in the GDR.^[39]
State-endorsed doping began with the Cold War when every eastern bloc gold was an ideological victory. From 1974, Manfred Ewald, the head of the GDR's sports federation, imposed blanket doping. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, the country of 17 million collected nine gold medals. Four years later the total was 20 and in 1976 it doubled again to 40.^[40] Ewald was quoted as having told coaches, "They're still so young and don't have to know everything." He was given a 22-month suspended sentence, to the outrage of his victims.^[41]
Often, doping was carried out without the knowledge of the athletes, some of them as young as ten years of age. It is estimated that around 10,000 former athletes bear the physical and mental scars of years of drug abuse,^[42] one of them is Rica Reinisch, a triple Olympic champion and world record-setter at the Moscow Games in 1980, has since suffered numerous miscarriages and recurring ovarian cysts.^[42]
Two former Dynamo Berlin club doctors, Dieter Binus, chief of the national women's team from 1976 to 80, and Bernd Pansold, in charge of the sports medicine center in East-Berlin, were committed for trial for allegedly supplying 19 teenagers with illegal substances.^[43] Binus was sentenced in August,^[44] Pansold in December 1998 after both being found guilty of administering hormones to underage female athletes from 1975 to 1984.^[45]
Virtually no East German athlete ever failed an official drugs test, though Stasi files show that many did, indeed, produce positive tests at Kreischa, the Saxon laboratory (German:Zentrales Dopingkontroll-Labor des Sportmedizinischen Dienstes) that was at the time approved by the International Olympic Committee,^[46] now called the Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS).^[47]
In 2005, fifteen years after the end of the GDR, the manufacturer of the drugs in former East Germany, Jenapharm, still finds itself involved in numerous lawsuits from doping victims, being sued by almost 200 former athletes.^[48]
Former Sport Club Dynamo athletes who publicly admitted to doping, accusing their coaches:^[49]

• Daniela Hunger
• Andrea Pollack

Former Sport Club Dynamo athletes disqualified for doping:

• Ilona Slupianek^[50] (Ilona Slupianek was tested positive along with three Finnish athletes at the 1977 European Cup, becoming the only East German athlete ever to be convicted of doping)

Based on the admission by Pollack, the United States Olympic Committee asked for the redistribution of gold medals won in the 1976 Summer Olympics.^[51] Despite court rulings in Germany that substantiate claims of systematic doping by some East German swimmers, the IOC executive board announced that it has no intention of revising the Olympic record books. In rejecting the American petition on behalf of its women's medley relay team in Montreal and a similar petition from the British Olympic Association on behalf of Sharron Davies, the IOC made it clear that it wanted to discourage any such appeals in the future.

Al-fatihah

KEUTAMAAN SURAT AL-FATIHAH

1.    Rasulullah SAW bersabda: “Ketika Allah Azza wa Jalla hendak menurunkan surat Al-Fatihah, ayat Kursi, Ali-Imran 18, 26-27, surat dan ayat itu bergelantung di Arasy dan tidak ada hijab dengan Allah. Surat dan ayat itu berkata: Ya Rabbi, Kau akan turunkan kami ke alam dosa dan pada orang yang bermaksiat kepada-Mu, sementara kami bergelantung dengan kesucian-Mu. Allah SWT. berfirman:

“Tidak ada seorang pun hamba yang membaca kalian setiap sesudah shalat kecuali Aku karuniakan padanya lingkaran kesucian di tempat ia berada, dan Aku memandangnya dengan mata-Ku yang tersembunyi setiap hari tujuh puluh kali pandangan. Jika tidak, Aku tunaikan baginya setiap hari tujuh puluh hajat yang disertai pengampunan. Jika tidak, Aku melindungi dan menolong-nya dari semua musuhnya. Dan tidak ada yang mengha-langinya untuk masuk ke surga kecuali kematian.” (Tafsir Majmaul Bayan 1/426)

2.    Rasulullah SAW bersabda bahwa Allah SWT. berfirman: “Aku membagi surat Al-Fatihah antara Aku dan hamba-Ku, separuh untuk-Ku dan separuh lagi untuk hamba-Ku. Bagi hamba-Ku ketika ia bermohon dan membaca :  Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim, Allah Azza wa Jalla menyatakan : 

“Hamba-Ku telah memulai dengan nama-Ku, maka berhaklah Aku untuk menyempurnakan urusannya dan memberikan keberkahan dari sisi-Ku untuk seluruh keadaannya.”

Ketika hamba-Ku membaca : Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘alamin, Allah Jalla jalaluh menyatakan : 

“Hamba-Ku telah memuji-Ku, mengakui bahwa semua nikmat yang dimilikinya berasal dari sisi-Ku, dan semua bala’ Aku yang menyingkirkan sehingga ia merasakan itu sebagai karunia. Maka, hendaknya kalian saksikan, Aku akan menjamunya dengan kenikmatan akhirat lebih dari kenikmatan dunia yang telah Kuberikan, dan menyingkirkan bala’ akhirat sebagaimana Aku telah menyingkirkan bala’ dunia.”

Ketika hamba-Ku membaca : Ar-Ramânir Rahîm, Allah Jalla jalaluh menyatakan : 

“Hamba-Ku telah bersaksi bahwa Aku Maha Pengasih dan Maha Penyayang. Kalian saksikan, Aku akan melimpahkan rahmat-Ku padanya dan mencurahkan karunia-Ku padanya.”

Ketika hamba-Ku membaca : Maliki yawmiddîn, Allah SWT. menyatakan : 

Kalian saksikan, sebagaimana ia telah mengakui Aku sebagai Raja pada hari kiamat, Aku akan memberikan kemudahan baginya yaitu amalnya tidak dihisab, dan Aku akan mengampuni semua kesalahannya.”

Ketika hamba-Ku membaca : Iyyâka na’budu wa iyyâka nasta’in, Allah Azza wa Jalla menyatakan : 

“Dia hanya memohon pertolongan kepada-Ku dan hanya bersandar kepada-Ku. Kalian saksikan, Aku akan menolongnya dalam segala urusannya, Aku akan melindungi-Nya dalam segala deritanya, dan Aku akan memegang tangannya saat ia membutuhkan pertolongan.”

Ketika hamba-Ku membaca : Ihdinash shirâthal mustaqîm ... (sampai akhir surat), Allah Jalla jalaluh menyatakan : 

Hamba-Ku telah bermohon pada-Ku, Aku pasti mengijabah permohonan hamba-Ku, memberikan apa yang diinginkan, dan menyelamatkannya dari apa yang ditakutkan.” (Tafsir Nur Ats-Tsaqalayn 1/5)

Rahasia Surat Al-fatihah

8 Rahasia, Keistimewaan Dan Khasiat Surat Al-Fatihah

Posted on 12.15 by.Ridwan Novianto

Surat Al-Fatihah adalah salah satu surat yang ada dalam al-Qur’an dan merupakan induknya Al-Qur’an (Ummul Qur’an). Surat Al-Fatihah juga merupakan surat yang sangat istimewa karena disebutkan oleh Allah dari ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang lain sebagai assab’ul matsani (7 ayat yang diulang2). Ada banyak rahasia dan keistimewaan surat al-Fatihah ini, antara lain:

1. Al-Fatihah wajib dibaca dalam sholat. Jika orang sholat tidak membaca surat ini, maka sholatnya tidak sah.

2. Al-Fatihah bisa dibaca untuk tujuan dan maksud apa saja seperti yang disampaikan oleh Rasulullah SAW. (al-Fatihatu lima quria lahu ). Maksudnya jika kita punya suatu hajat apapun, bisa menggunakan wasilah surat al-Fatihah ini.

3. Al-Fatihah bila dibaca 14 kali sebelum tidur: Suami/istri dan anak-anak akan mengingat kita selalu.

4. Al-Fatihah bila dibaca 41 kali tiup dalam air dan minum serta dibuat air mandi, bisa melepaskan rasa sakit dalam.

5. Al-Fatihah bila dibaca 7 kali dan diusapkan di kepala setiap pagi dan sekali sebelum tidur untuk menyembuhkan orang yang punya penyakit keterbelakangan mental.

6. Al-Fatihah bila dibaca 3 kali tiup dalam segelas air-minum dan baca sambil mengusap daerah yang terasa sakit, insyaAllah akan mengurangi bahkan bisa menyembuhkan rasa sakit itu.

7. Al-Fatihah dibaca 7 kali dan diusapkan ke atas kepala bayi yang suka menangis pada malam hari atau pada setiap saat.

8. Al-Fatihah dibaca 3 atau 7 kali, gunakan ibu jari dan tekan di langit-langit mulut, kemudian usapkan pada tempat yang sakit. Mungkin luka berdarah, tersengat lebah, jari terjepit di pintu dan lain-lain.

Itulah beberapa rahasia dan khasiat Surat Al-Fatihah yang luar biasa besar. Rasulullah SAW sendiri sering menggunakan Al-Fatihah ini untuk mengobati diri sendiri atau orang lain. Dan hal ini banyak diterangkan dalam kitab at-Tibb an-Nawabi (pengobatan ala Nabi).

Untuk tujuan pengobatan, lakukan dengan penuh khusyu’ dan berharap kepada Allah SWT agar dengan perantara kalamNya ini kita mendapatkan pertolongan dariNya.